Equipment for Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic

Equipment for Cosmetic Dermatology ClinicA cosmetic dermatology clinic differs from the handed-down dermatology clinic in terms of the emergency of a wide range of equipment to work out various aesthetic procedures. In the past, the only instrument associated with dermatology practice was a magnifying glass. It then progressed to equipments such as Woods lamp, electrocautery, radiofrequency, cryotherapy and phototherapy units. Beyond these tools, the cosmetic dermatologists armamentarium includes various basic and specialized equipments to carry out a multitude of dermatological treatments and cosmetology procedures. (Box 1) In addition to the treatment equipment, photo keep devices argon as well as essential. These devices record the results and changes for analysis and prognosis of the treatments and can actu in all(prenominal)y document the percentile UV damage, wrinkle score etc. The cosmetic clients (internet savvy) argon aware of the equipment role in various procedure s and check for clinics offering facilities with the latest equipment and low downtime.The cosmetic dermatologist not only requisites to be updated about the latest equipments but should also be aware of its focussing and sustainment needs. Poor alimentation leads to financial losses for the physician and compromises on efficacy and safety issues for the patient. This chapter gives a brief compend of equipment instruction and maintenance aspects which would enable the physician to provide safe, legal treatments and sustain the financial aspects of his/ her practice optimally.Box 1 Basic and change equipment in a cosmetic clinicBasic EquipmentMicrodermabraderRadiofrequency and cauteryCryotherapyMesotherapyJet Peel or hydrafacialMicrocurrentElectroporationDermatoscope and photography equipment ( exact in chapter 5)Phototherapy UnitsSpecialised Equipment- LASERS and Light SystemsIntense quiver LightLASER Hair Reduction- Long Pulse Alexandrite, Long Pulsed ND YAG, DiodePigmen tation- Q Switched ND YAGFractional and Ablative LASERSHair Restoration- Low Level Lasers and lights undress Tightening- LASERS and Radiofrequency, Micro needling RadiofrequencyVitiligo and Psoriasis- Excimer lamp and LASERBody contouring- Radiofrequency, cryolipolysis, ultrasound cavitation, low level optical maser therapy,etc.BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENTThe basic requirement from any machine/ equipment is its longevity and optimal usage. This can be achieved by effective equipment management procedures 1 (Box 2)Box 2 Effective equipment management proceduresEquipment PurchaseInstallation requirements (storage and space electrical supply, air-conditioner) pattern run Protocolshomework of the staffQuality control checks (cleaning, safety devices, consumables, regular inspections)Maintenance and servicing ( periodic, Preventive, Annual )Equipment/ Accessories fittingEquipment PurchaseThe following checklist should be kept in mind during purchase of the equipment. T his helps to trouble shoot maintenance issues effectively. eer buy from a certified company or a certified official bargainer declare with the dealer for skilled technicians for installation and troubleshootingSign the maintenance contract with the company (No machine is zero maintenance)Establish the warranty period ( detail and time lines) honour of the date of manufacture and the numerical code unique to each equipment.Installation RequirementsSpace and storage Requirements of the equipment and accessories should be taken into account prior to installation.Electrical connections and stabilizers This has been detailed in Chapter 60. Special sockets and high voltage breakers, stabilizers and UPS (uninterrupted role supply) should be provided.Air conditioner Most of the LASER machines generate hotness and require certain temperatures to be well-kept while in operation. An air conditioned environment is preferred as it remains closed, relatively dust free and is designful for mach ine longevity.Smoke evacuators Fragments of skin, sensory hair and aerosols can damage LASER lenses or light based equipment due to physical interference with transmission. Smoke evacuation carcasss may be used to curve the plume debris and limit the harmful effects on the staff, patients/clients and the laser equipment.Standard Operating protocols (SOPs)SOPs regarding usage of the machine are provided by the manufacturer. Indications and Specifications are provided in the operator manual and should be adhered to. Based on the patient requirement, if modifications are made in the SOPs, these should be documented and informed to all the staff.Training of staff (machine operators or staff responsible for maintenance)All the staff members in the cosmetic dermatology set up should be trained to follow the SOPs, understand the need and importance of equipment maintenance for the smooth functioning of the clinic.Quality control checks (cleaning, safety devices, consumables)In addition to the daily cleaning regular each week or semiweekly check of each machine, safety devices and consumables should be done. This helps to prevent emergency maintenance issues and financial losses.Maintenance and servicing (Daily, Preventive, Annual)A record should be maintained of all planned and unplanned maintenance and services, including any lines or modifications. The service contract records, contact details of service personnel should be documented well.Equipment/ Accessory modificationAny modification to the equipment or accessories or change in its operational usage may have a bun in the oven safety implications associated with it. Hence, whenever any modification is done, appropriate documentation is mandatory. Standard accessories should be used.STANDARDISED AND EFFECTIVE EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENTA standardised form, including all the aspects detailed above for equipment management should be kept with item-by-item machines. A soft/ hard copy of this format for all machin es should be catalogued and serve as a ready reckoner to the concerned staff. A basic outline of the form has been provided in Box 3. The salient aspects for effective equipment management have been included in Box 4.Box 3 Standard form for individual machinesName of the machineIndicationsStandard specifications (usually provided by manufacturer)Storage specifications Equipment/ AccessoriesSpace Table mount/ Floor mountedElectricity hide out/ UPS requirementAC requirementConsumablesSafety devices- Goggles, cooling devices, smoke evacuatorsCleaning TechniquesMaintenance- Daily, Preventive, Annual or comprehensive maintenance services ( AMC/ CMC)Special tips dos and dontsInstallation dateOperator Training Names/ DatesContact details for Maintenance services Phone/ Mail id/ Website address/ PersonnelWarranty details Equipment/ Accessories, along with datelinesServices Contract AMC/ CMC, Renewal along with DatesService done Dates/ fag oute by whom/ Supervisory staffBox 4 General Tips for effective equipment management hang on a standardised form with individual machines.Train the staff to handle the equipment carefullyUnderstand the Operators manualTake care of all the parts of machine.Hand pieces are the most important part. Place them in a preventive box or on the machine as instructedKeep a check list of the consumablesKeep all the machines covered and in a dust free environmentContact technical personnel for rubber machine maintenance at regular intervals baulk for contraindication in case of all clientsBASIC EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCEThe general principles of basic equipment maintenance (as per the standardised form) has been outlined in Table 1. Modifications can be done based on individual machines and clinic requirements.Table 1 Basic Equipment ManagementEquipmentCrystalDiamond- USG, Cleanser, head season cartridgesMicrocurrentDiamond Pro LiftRadiofrequency /CauteryMesomate/Dr InjectorInjector MesoGun-Manual-AutomaticJet M MachineIndicationsExfoliation ge ntly removes the outermost dead skin cell layer for the epidermis.Reduces pigmentation and whippingImproves Acne scarsReduces fine lines and wrinklesReduces pore size and age spotsFacial liftMuscle liftBody ContouringIontophoresis-Product penetrationDisencrustation- Deep cleansingDermatoses papulosa nigra (DPNs)Warts bark tagsMolesSeborrheic KeratosisGranuloma pyogenicumXanthelesmaRhinophymaDull skinIrregular textureUneven skin toneHair lossCelluliteLymphatic drainageExfoliationInfusionStandard operating protocolsAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableStorageTemperature20 -600 CHumiditySpaceTable mountedTable mountedTable mountedTable mountedDr. .Injector has its own TrolleyTable mounted or specially designed trolleyElectric/UPS/ ACEarthing +UPS/ AC-Earthing +UPS/ AC-Earthing +UPS/ AC-Earthing +UPS/ AC-ConsumablesHand piece depending on the type of machineNozzles of two different sizes small for face and neck and big for the organic structure partsAluminium oxide crystalsTwo long metal probes, one small probe with sponge for earthing , two sets of coloured wires, one metal roller, steaming pads and big pads.Hand pieceWire loop electrode and pointed electrodeDisposable as well as reusable tips are availableKinked wires may need refillingSafety devicesFoot pedalAir tubingTriple nozzle handpieceSafety goggles (during peel infusion )VitaminsCleaningThe jar has to be light of all the crystals after every service and cleaned.Hand piece needs to be cleansed with alcohol swab before use.Tissue residue should be remove from the active electrode (Rf power ON) with a sterile moist gauze (water only)No scalpel scissors or any sharp objects should be used as it may lead to tissue paper adherenceDisinfectionAll commercially available disinfectants may be used to disinfect the electrodes.Electrodes should be immersed in fresh cidex solution .then they essential be washed and under tap water , dried and Placed in the supplied boxSterilisationAll non- disposable ha nd pieces, cables, plugs and electrodes are autoclavable to 2500 F or 1210C.Steam cleaning of electrodes must be done just before use.Sterilize the guard with alcohol swab prior to the service uninterrupted cleaning of hand pieceMaintenanceJar needs to be replaced every fortnight for smooth functioning of the machineSpare hand pieces should endlessly be availableReplace filter and nozzle after every 15 bottlesDaily MaintenanceClean hand piece with alcohol swabs or SPCL cleaning Solution.Straighten the tubes.AMCPreventive maintenance should be done at an interval of 1-2 monthsPreventive machine maintenance at an interval of 1-2 months.The electrodes should be dip in dilute H2O2 solution so that debris gets cleared,before washingAMCPreventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months.Daily MaintenanceClean the gun exterior with spirit.Do not allow spirit to enter the interiors.Charge the Gun dailyAMCPreventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months.A MCPreventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months.Special Tips Dos and DontsDos- follow the instructions mentioned in the user manualDonts do not place anything on the machineDonts- Coloured wires should unendingly be tied up and placed on the machine when not in useDos- The only way the radiosurgery can create tissue damage is if the heat is allowed to accumulate in the tissue to the point where it can lead to excessive dehydration and hence tissue destruction. Preventing accumulation of such heat is the basic objective of radiosurgery technique and hence one should practice 10 seconds ON and 30 seconds OFF.Donts Do not utilize any flammable anesthetics or cleaning agents.Use the injector and needle that meets the international and domestic standards.SPECIALISED EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCESpecialised equipments such as Lasers, lights, radiofrequency based machines are nowadays an integral part of cosmetic clinics. Most of these equipment are expensive and have s pecific maintenance issues. In addition, the optical radiation emitted by lasers, IPLs and LEDs has potentially gaga effects on patients, clients and equipment users. There can be direct damage to eyes or skin. A potential risk of fires or explosions from lasers igniting gases or fabrics and the problem of smoke inhalation exist. Engineering (in- built safety measures provided within the laser machine), procedural (policies and practices followed at the cosmetic clinic) and administrative (review by health department) control measures are needed to prevent exposure to potential laser hazards. 2Effective equipment management procedures as outlined in Box 2 should be followed for each of the specialise equipment in the clinic. The most important aspect of maintenance is simple prevention. This can be achieved through the following measuresRoutine inspection, of the laser system and the surroundings (Daily/ weekly checks)Periodic inspection and maintenance of optical components and c ritical subassemblies (Preventive and annual maintenance checks)Documentation and Record keepingFew examples for daily/ weekly/ preventive checks for laser equipment are outlined in Box 5 1Box 5 Examples for daily/ weekly/ preventive checks for laser equipmentExamples for daily checksCheck whether the laser getup terminates on release of foot/ hand switchCheck the devices junction of the aiming beam with the therapeutic beamCheck devices filters/ tips for scratches or dirt.Check all system alarms and lights are operating appropriatelyAssess all device accessories including cables and connectors are clean and functioning.Examples for weekly checksInspect protective eye wear for lens scratches or general damageCheck all protective blinds, windows and doors, are dust free and functioning appropriatelyCheck that electrical system connections/ UPS, sample lights are functioning correctlyExamples of annual/ preventive checksElectrical safetyDevice calibration checksOutput measurementsB eam alignmentShutter operationAccuracy of timerFiltersThe general tips for effective and safe laser equipment management are outlined in Box 6. The general principles of work equipment maintenance (as per the standardised form) has been outlined in Table 2. Modifications can be done based on individual machines and clinic requirements.Box 6 General tips for effective and safe laser equipment managementLaser Room (details in chapter 60)Restrict entry to the room when the system is in use put laser warning signDo not include any light reflecting objects such as mirror,Provide rubber mat flooring ( prevents damage and losses in case of accidental fall of hand pieces, goggles, etc)Services/ Maintenance checklistMaintain a logbook of regular maintenance check and calibrationMaintain detailed breeding about service centre/ personnelCheck for engineers training certificate.Calibration must be checked by authorized personnel with calibrated power meter.Always check for calibration certifi cate when under AMC/ MaintenanceDeionized (DI) water is needed for cooling in some machines. Check levels 1-3 monthly and changeCheck fire safety measuresCheck for Electromagnetic immunity and declaration compliance.Check for recommended separation distances between portable and mobile RF communications equipment and laserEquipment UseCheck the power supply/ UPS before the machine is switched on.If the machines need to be moved to a different room, do it carefully and avoid jerky movementsAlways place the tips or hand pieces in the designated box so as to avoid any accidental fall or damage to the same optic lenses, fibre optic cord, some hand pieces contain lasing medium are expensive, hence handle all equipment parts with care Never leave the system in ready mode unattendedPractice use of hand switch as much as possibleMost laser screens have a touch screen. Be sure not to point on the screen while firing the laser shot ( Can inadvertently rule with the foot pedal)In event of any emergency use the emergency shut off knobUse colourless gels for lasersUse Skin markers and colours for demarcating areas. Skin markers should be preferably white or appropriate colour depending on the laser absorption spectrum or else they can act as chromophores and military campaign burnsCleanse and dry the area to be lased thoroughlyInspect the laser tip always before treating the patient. Do not use if damaged. crystallize sure the correct eye wear is used (Different protective eyewear is indicated for different wavelengths)Do not treat eyebrows eyelashes or other areas surrounding the eye welkin with Nd YAG or Er YAG lasers. The light emitted by these can cause serious eye damage or blindness. Use corneal shields especially in cases of direct touch lasers being used in the orbital area.Gas based and pulse dye lasers (Example- Excimer, Pulse dye lasers)Switch ON universalCleaning of hand piece with alcohol swabs.Gas bottles used as consumables are very expensiveMirrors nee ds to be cleaned by engineers every 3 months.Calibration of voltages is very important.Dye needs to be replaced after 50000 shotsBody shaping and contouring machinesAll hand pieces need to be cleaned dailyBetter to use specific oils or gels, otherwise ultra-sonography gel can be used may be glycerine based.The emitted sounds should be perfectPhototherapy unitsCheck lamp power every month and calibrate if neededClean fans every quarterlyTable 2 General principles of specialised equipment maintenance ( separate doc- horizontal chart)CONCLUSIONEquipment management and maintenance is an integral part of the cosmetic practice set- up. Specialised equipment such as lasers and radiofrequency based devices are expensive and have specific maintenance issues. In addition to the financial implications for the practice, the safety and efficacy of the treatments provided by the physician are chiefly dependent on well managed equipment.SUMMARYA cosmetic dermatology clinic differs from the traditi onal dermatology clinic in terms of the requirement of a wide range of equipment to perform various aesthetic procedures. It is a good practice to employ equipment management and maintenance measures. The effective equipment management procedures include checklists and processes for purchase, installation, developing standard operating protocols, staff training, quality control checks, maintenance and servicing (daily, preventive, annual ) and modifications in equipment/ accessories. Good equipment management and maintenance practices have healthy financial implications for the practice. It assures optimal usage and longevity of the machine life, along with safe and effective treatments for the patients/ clients.

Urban Waterfront Revitalization Through Landscape Approach Environmental Sciences Essay

Urban Waterfront Revitalization Through Landscape Approach Environmental Sciences EssayUrban waterfronts hold back heavily degraded and received to the full grown perception from urban dwellers. There ar needs of effective urban waterfront revivification programs to achieve a sustainable training of those waterfronts. This research studies is to formulize a ornament approach principles into revitalization program of urban waterfront. This cartoon engrosss archival analysis to identified type of urban waterfront revitalization programs around the creation and to understanding the mathematical function of urban waterfront. Finally, it uses literature survey to identified purpose considerations of ornament approach. Expected results of the study would include the types of waterfront revitalization programs, role of urban waterfront and founding consideration for waterfront landscape. They argon expected to lead towards formalizing the urban waterfront revitalization princip les based on landscape approach. After the introduction of the background problem, the proposal bequeath present the literature on waterfront revitalization, urban waterfront and waterfront revitalization program, and describe the research methodology before presenting the expected results. This study contributes in developing principles for waterfront revitalization program. Besides adding value to existing urban assets, the proposed principles for waterfront revitalization program support the sustainable development agenda of the world.Keywords Landscape approach, urban waterfront, waterfront revitalization program.1.1 BACKGROUNDUrban rivers provide spelly functions to the cities much(prenominal) as water supply, transportations, biological protections and promoting for the development of the cities with its social, sparingal and environmental values. However, with the non planned well urbanization, the rivers start been disturbed which resulting in degradation of urban ecos ystem.River restoration has progressively drawn attention, and corresponding activities have been carried out extensively (Holmes, 1998). Urban rivers that once were the most importance element of city were neglected. They were channelized and eject into big drain. The properties on its corridor turn their back to the river and the cities tried to treat river as unwanted thing.Nonetheless, river corridors remain as continuous pictorial feature within suburbanized landscapes, which make it more grievous resource for home grounds restoration and nature preservation. The encroachments of development into this area have fragmented, diminished and split up the vegetation along this corridor into small patches. These lead to substantial loss of habitat and biodiversity especially in urban areas.Due to the natural recourses destruction in urban area, importance of rivers has become realize by city dwellers. It becomes important places for amusement and leisure. This why in recent ye ars, the riverfront image and planning initiatives have increased. There are two major issues for this development, saving and human use. Most of approaches for river developments have difficulties to worry with both of them, which they tend to choose either one. These lead to the failure of the project. This thesis aims to bring these issues together to inform the practice of landscape architecture.1.2 APPROACHThis research study used a set of literature addressed waterfront development around the world. The literatures have covered many perspectives such as ecological, historical, cultural and built design. charge though the literature inspection provides a broad overview of waterfront development, the designs and planning of these waterfront developments have been superficial especially in ecology perspectives. Furthermore, for river corridor development, most literatures are focusing to non-urban landscapes, going the river corridors in urban landscape open for exploration .1.3 Problem statement1.4 Research question1.4.1 Main Research Question1.4.2 sub Research Question1.5 ending AND OBJECTIVES1.5.1 GOALSRevitalize the urban river through comprehensive landscape design solutions.1.5.2 OBJECTIVESTo ensure the goal can be achieved, these objectives have been derivedTo assess the literature on waterfront revitalization programs around the world.To assess the design that using landscape approach to understand their characteristic, strengths and weaknesses.To investigates and understand of the role of urban river to the users.To formulize the design principles for urban riverfront revitalization programs.1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINEChapter unmatchable introduces and contextualizes the research problems. The literature reviews are presented in Chapter Two. It examines the development of waterfronts, its design and planning approaches. Chapter Three is describing the research method. It analyze the landscape approach literature to define the concepts and cozy up t he principles that will guide the development of landscape design principles for urban riverfront on Chapter Four. Chapter Five summarizes the findings of this study discuss the application of the principles and presents areas of further research.It is considered that the design principles here proposed will be useful for landscape architects, designers and planners in invention the waterfront. Hence, it is expected they will help designers effecting and creating sustainable waterfront that celebrating the past, enjoying the present and respecting the future of urban environment.Figure 1.1 Research design diagram1.7 significant of study1.8 TERMINOLOGIES1.8.1 URBAN watercourseWalsh, Christopher J. et al. (2005) indicated that an urban watercourse is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily be area. Urban watercourses often significantly polluted due to urban runoff and combined with sewer outflows.1.8.2 RIVER CORRIDORFrom Malaysian Drainage and Irrigation Departmen t (DID) guidelines of river development (2004), river corridor is the area impertinent the river reserved and in 50 meters from the river-reserved boundary.1.8.3 SUSTAINABLE watercourseThe sustainable watercourse covers an important element in Agenda21 about sustainable development. This is because the watercourse have competency to contribute in increasing biodiversity and profit from development, improving and enhance conditions of the areas and people who live surround it. Sustainable development elements are economic development, social progress, conservation of resources and protection of the environment (UN Earth Summit Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro, 1992).2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Introduction2.2 WATERFRONT REVITALIZATIONHoyle et.al (1993, 2000) said that pioneer in waterfront replacement studies was Canada in proterozoic 1970s. In his studies, he found out that focus of waterfront rehabilitation was including wide range of development such as recreational, residential, retail , commercial, service and tourist facilities.According to him and Breen et.al (1996), the development of waterfront in America and Europe has occurred since 1960s. Perspective that tent to integrate design, environmental, social and economic objectives more efficiently (Johes, 1998) was the European approach towards waterfront development in 1990s.Manning (1997) adding that no use or treatment of waterfront should be allowed to exclude recreational value that no feature or operation however mundane needs to privation an aesthetic panorama and finally that ever the demands of conserving fragile nature need not exclude people from the scene.In other part of the world, the development of waterfront is comparatively recent phenomenal. Lately, many countries start to open their eyes on potential of their river. South of Korea has demonstrating some wonderful projects of river rehabilitation development such as Chengyecheon River and Han River rehabilitation project. Franco (2000) state s that in Brazil, there are many proposals of waterfront projects have been presented since early 1990s, unfortunately, few have been implemented. Most of them are because lack of funds and supports.Waterfront project could be divided into six categories based on Bren and Rigby (1994) studies. This categorization was used by Breen and Rigby as tool to compile a huge numbers of designs. The categories are historical, residential, recreational, cultural, environmental and working(a) waterfront. Usually, the development of waterfronts would include one or more categories in regularize to support various demands to the site. There are many cases that the waterfront project have mixed-used characteristic. For example, a project that has ecological features may be designed infused with recreation, education and trails. These multipurpose designs are to encourage the maximum use of the situation.Table 2.1 shows some of the waterfront projects that have a major characteristic but have se veral other features abound. This categorization does seem have significant role in effecting the frameworks and design either. In order to use the categorizations, the heuristic devise should be interpreted to emphasis the major characters of separately project.Table 2.1 Waterfronts, their major character and usesNo.Waterfront / CityMajor sheathUsesSource1Baltimore WaterfrontMixed usedUrban renewal cultural complex, office, residentialBreen and Rugby (1994)2Boston Waterfront pastal mankind promenades, hotel, residentialwww.thebostonwaterfront.net3Charleston Waterfront ParkPublic SpacePark, pierThompson (1991)4Elbe River, DresdenOpen SpaceEntertainment, art, parkFriedrich (1998)5Elbe River, HamburgMixed usedTransportation, residentialTrelcat (2001)6Thames River, capital of the United Kingdom docklandsPublic spaceRecreation, culturalChaline 20017Thames River, London Millennium VillageMixed usePromenades, institutions, residential, commercialBurdett (1998)8Thames River, London Mille nnium DomePublic spaceRecreation, culturalArnold (1998)9Potomic River, GeorgetownHistoricalResidential, office, mankind spacewww.georgetownwaterfrontpark.org10South Platte River, DanverPublic spaceIndustrial landscape, parkLeccese (2001)11Puerto Madero, Buenos AiresMixed useResidential, commercial, service, open spaceSchneier Madanes (2001)12Aa River, AarhusPublic spaceSteam daylighting, trailNielsen (1998)13Yarra River, MelbourneCulturalResidential, commercial, entertainmentSandercock Dovey (2002)14East River, New YorkPublic spacePromenadesFreeman 200315Meurthe River, NancyPublic spacePromenadesBruel Delmar (1998)16San Antonio River, TexasPublic spaceCommercial, hotel, entertainment, historicalPosner (1991)17Maas River, RotterdamMixed usePublic spaces, residential, officeMayer (1998)18 char Harbour, VancouverResidentialOpen space, office, marinaQuayle (1991)19Danube River, ViennaPublic spaceDam, ecological restoration, leisureHansjakob hansjakob (1998)20Chengyecheon River, SeoulPu blic spaceHistorical, commercial, entertainment, culturalwww.preservenet.com2.3 Role of urban watercourseUrban watercourse is a waterways that flowing through the populated areas. It often in bad condition and heavily degraded. Many of urban rivers have been polluted mostly by urban storm water runoff and combined sewer system.Initially, such watercourses were managed as a resource for human return including water supply, flood mitigation, disposal of wastewater and minimization of disease (Walsh 2000 Paul and Meyer 2001 Morley and Karr 2002). However, this has led to the degradation of river ecological functioning, an issue that was initially ignored (Paul and Meyer 2001).Important instrument for early settlement was water. Water transportation and construction of flood embankments have turn the water into the background of urban concerns. Most literature agree that these originally settlements were settle where there were enough water and land for food production, and there wer e no or rare disaster related to water. Water precaution became the rear end for religious and social institutions. As the region began to produce surplus food, there was a societies restructuring.Dubos (1972), a humanist, states that the urban areas are identified by evaluating their cultural practices in spite of changes in technology. Social scientists begin to acknowl asperity the water may have played a role in de bourneining the social characteristics of urban areas (Lind, 1979).Increasing of impervious surface area modified of natural drain system and local climate changes have stressed the urban river. The increasing in impervious area make the runoff of rainfall in urban area has increase, compared to rural area. Furthermore, installations of storm sewer, culverting and channelizing the natural river have transmitted the water into drainage network faster. These events increase the flow velocity, reduce the timing of the runoff hydrograph, increase the flow rates which f inally giving a hydrological problem flood.In term of flood mitigation, authorities who in charge in river development have change the course of the river flow, in order to prevent localized flooding. They use engineer practices known as river channelization. These technologies including lining the riverbed and banks with concrete or other materials, divert the flow into storm drains and culverts. These changes are often bringing negative effects. It includes flooding of downstream due to changes in the floodplain, loss of habitat for fish and other species, fragmentation of riparian and others, leading to deterioration of water quality.Fortunately, some communities have taken some effort to correct these problems. Their effort is to deal with bank erosion, due to the large amount of rainwater and using technologies such as daylighting and re-meandering. Example of successful project of daylighting is Cheonggyecheon river restoration project.Another major problem of urban hydrolo gy is water quality degradation. McPherson (1974) states that oil leakage and spill, mining activities, surface or streets have begrime the urban river. Other factors in this problem are soil erosion from construction, industrial process effluents, and combined sewer overflows, urban storm runoff, leakage from dirty tanks and cesspools and contamination.As a result of pollution in urban watercourse water, many of the biological and aesthetic functions of water in urban areas cannot be fully utilized, disrespect and sometimes leading to abandoning the river from urban life itself.Litte (1990) states that there has been increasing public concern for the protection of urban watercourse water. Numerous watercourse commissions have been establish in an effort to plan use and protection. There is reason to be optimistic about combining human use and natural environments as many river cities are rediscovering their waterfronts and commissioning planning studies (Kim et al., 1991).However , the effect of waterfront development projects is not always good. All development projects have environmental and economic impact, and the development of the waterfront is not an exception. Any development project that will benefit some people is inevitable. Social and environmental impacts of water development, a number of effects obtained are comm save extends far beyond the design of the site itself. Ecologists, environmentalist and designers have difficulties to predict overall effects because of complex interaction of diverse forces.For example, current knowledge of the man made wetland ecosystem might desirable for present of time. Thus, unless the design and planning precedes by louver to ten years, something unexpected situation might to develop which some with pet effects or some are not.In the current state of the art, this group often has difficulties to convince engineers, economists, and politicians that certain developments are unwise, or spending for sanative mea sures because of lack of solid scientific evidence or facts. Furthermore, engineers traditionally handle an urban watercourse development project. Sadly, they often ignore the social and environmental considerations in their planning process.In some cases, social scientists, landscape architects and environmentalist have been brought only later on the damage (Biswas and Durie, 1971). In principle, it is expensive to fix compensation after they occur It is cheaper to take preventive measures.However, overall framework for the planning, design and management of urban river corridors still not well establish. An integrated planning that concerns every aspect regarding to urban watercourse corridors revitalization program must be develop.2.4 LAndscape approach design for waterfrontThe word landscape is a complex word appears in a wide range of scientific literature. Various authors have treated this topic. Saltzman (2001) overview the term of landscape as notion of landscape has change d and evolved over time and between the various fields of disciplines.Saltzman (2001) indicates that other disciplines has a different approach. For example, natural scientists are often focused on the bio somatogenetic environment related to the interaction between species or ongoing natural processes as a landscape. Landscape architects tends to view landscape as planning tool while for archaeologists, they are more interested in the memory of landscape and its temporal aspects. An ethnologist, anthropologists, in literature or even among other disciplines, the landscape term refers for other purposes.In this study, writer defined the landscape using the concept of landscape as Elbakidze and Angelstam (2007). They interpret landscape as social interactions between biophysical landscape and human society as a telephone exchange idea. In European Landscape Convention, a landscape defined asan area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (Anon. 2000b).The Elbakidze Angelstam (2007) concluded that the social-ecological systems contain elements of both natural and cultural landscape is intertwining with each other. Landscape characters have developed by both physical and cultural factors that evolved over the years.These aspects of the landscape must to consider in addition to the biophysical environment. Therefore, to fully describing a landscape, the number of variables that representing all the dimensions of sustainability have to use (Forman et al 2003, Berkes 1995s, Anderson et al, 2005).To implementing such landscape, approach needed some changes to suit the reality. One is to include of the different perspectives from different disciplines. For example, as described by Angelstam and Richnau (2008), while forest and landscape planners and managers resolve to accommodate commodity and non-commodity values in the same management unit, conservationists often define functional conser vation landscapes, and other stakeholders such as farming communities or district officials may refer to their cultural or livelihood landscapes (e.g., Innes and Hoen 2005).More important in landscape approach is to explore the resources sustainably and untraditionally. Attention has to be fashioning in evaluate the relationship between human with human, human with nature and human with god.The landscape approach sometimes can be use as basic for ecological development scheme. It deals with the physical, ecological and geographical entity, integrating all human and natural patterns and process. In addition, the structure, composition and function analysis helps in forebode the landscape dynamic. Landscape approach ultimate goal is to maximize the long-term benefits for biodiversity for sustainable development. This can be achieve by optimizing the balance between economic purposes, ecology and social.A landscape approach that considers whats happening at both the local, water body scale and at the broader regional scale is really the only way to study these types of issues, Cheruvelil (2010) states. If you look at only one ecosystem in isolation, you dont see the whole picture.Wiens (2002) states that systematic analysis of conservation and restoration management for aquatic ecosystems in riverine is not a tradition. However, the complex interactions between land and water systems are getting recognition from governance policies, planning and management practices.Singer (2007) states that universe a social-ecological system, the term landscape approach capture the need for applied interdisciplinary approaches. Term landscape approach in like manner emphasizes the ecological effects of spacial patterns of ecosystem and brad spatial scales. It is including the exchange and interaction within the entire landscapes, dynamics of development and spatial heterogeneity, the influence of spatial heterogeneity of biological and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity.Risser (1984) and Angelstam (2004) reflects the idea that landscapes evolve through time, as a result of being acted upon by natural forces and human beings, which underlines that landscapes forms a whole, whose natural and socio-cultural components are taken together, not separately (Berkes et al., 2003).2.5 summary3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionIn order to conduct research on the application of landscape for the urban waterfront more efficaciously and achieve desired results, the method to be used in this study is divided into two main phases. Each phase consists of research method that leads to the multitude of constructive information needed to the realization of the targeted goalsPhase One will be involve mostly on the data gathering determination and review of available information while in Phase Two, based on the date acquired, a practical guidelines shall be formulated and analyzed.Detailed reasoning and illumination of the aforementione d methodology proposed are as per the next subchapter.3.2 PHASE ONE DEtermine and reviewVast collection of waterfront designs and frameworks from various literatures are collected. It is crucial to establish a good data management in order to have a full understanding of the subject and its related issues, either explicitly or holistically. The assessment of the data gathered in each project is necessary where these elements are identifiedDesign consideration of urban waterfrontProposed designPlanning frameworks base on the collected data, principles of the projects are reviewed, segregated and tabulated into a table of ball club-design consideration, which are open space, human use, character, ecology, accessibility, land use, management, design issues and economy. It is easier to review the quality and impact of a particular project through a list of segregated factors, which will be helpful for the implementation of Phase 2.3.3 PHASE TWO DESIGN road map formulationThe segregat ed list of design consideration from Phase 1 will be further analyzed. Each factors, its correlation, priorities and impact is review and ranked. Next, the first five best design consideration which is implemented will be selected.From the selected design consideration, their principles are outlined in another table for analysis and incorporated in the guideline formulation..3.4 LIMITATIONs3.3 PROCEDURESThe research will be divided into 5 stages as show in the figure belowStage 5Final outputFigure 3.1 Study Approach Flow Chart4.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS4.1 Introduction4.2 Design and planning of WaterfrontThe existing frameworks and designs, which developed by government agencies, researches and buck private consulting firms, need to be examined and used as the base guidelines for proposed waterfront development and its design.This study applied the design concept definition by Lyle (1999). He stated that design activity is equals to the participation in the process of nature seminally , which means giving form to physical phenomena in every scale. The study also accepted his ruling on the difference of planning and design. Based on his judgment, planning involves administrative activities in spite of physical form shaping while design is the creative physical activity in all scale this design definition is similar to those explained by Steinitz and McHarg.Even though this thesis is aimed to discuss the design of riverfronts, it is also deals with certain part of the framework planning stage. This is due to the close relation of design issues discussed in the planning stage. Even Lyle (1999) himself acknowledged that the design and planning are closely linked and sometimes indistinguishable.Boston, Baltimore and Toronto were among the pioneers and being the model for the waterfront issues (Penteado 2004). Since 1970s, several publications illustrated the analysis of these cities waterfront (e.g. Breen and Rigby 1996 and Brutomesso 1993). In Toronto, for example, different frameworks, design and planning for its metropolitan waters edge were introduced (e.g. Reid 1997). rudimentary Waterfront Planning Committee (1976) in Toronto listed the physical properties that affecting the waterfront quality. They stated that it depends on the use, history, landscape, immediacy, views, activity, contrast, drama, intimacy, sound and wildlife. The Committee primarily focused on design, explores, and suggests the quality of the water edge form, visual quality, building materials and construction details, and a variety of uses.Waterfront design by Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs (1987) on the other hand addressed the following issues for designing waterfront shoreline protection, public access area, beaches, recreational boating, landscape for improving the waterfront and urban design.Royal Commission on the Future of Toronto Waterfront RCTFW (1992) proposed a framework of design principles for its waterfront which incorporated nine significant princ iplesClean Incentive of natural processes instead of engineering solutionsGreen Infrastructure composed of natural features and topography such as habitats, aquifers and parksConnection comparison between wildlife habitats, social communities, humans and nature.Open Maintenance and restoration of vistasAccessible Incorporation of public transitUseable Mix of public and private uses and public accessDiverse Variety of uses and programsAffordable Efficient use of government resources and integration of socio economic and environmental objectives (RCTFW 1992)Attractive Excellence in design to defecate memorable placesOut of all frameworks reviewed, these principles above were the most comprehensive context in the establishment of a waterfront. They dealt with both natural systems and integration of human needs.In contrast, Reed (1997) focused on the minimization of the impact to natural habitats when designing a trail along the Ontario Lake and thus came out with design guidelines. H e proposed that each design shouldAvoid most sensitive zoneBalance the effect of alternativesUse previous disturbed areasMaintain natural processesLimit access interconnected habitat enhancements.Unfortunately, he failed to mention the wildlife in urban areas along the coast.Alternatively, the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Department (1994) developed a framework based on these principlesavailablenessSharing the benefitsBalanceDiversityResponsible stewardshipMany of the guidelines reviewed incorporate different principles. Another case in point is Landplan Co Ltd (1995) who proposed a framework design called generic guidelines for managing visual change in the landscape for the Toronto Waterfront. The ecumenical guidelines required these principles to be addressedResidentialIndustrialCommercialRecreationalRuralHistoric areaCommunity characterVegetationSignageLightingHierarchy of open spacesSeveral authors combined their expertise and formulated a framework for the waterfront develop ment in the United States. One of them was from Harvard University Design (1980). They proposed a Guideline for East Boston, which was dealing withOpen spacePublic accessOrientationViewsNeighborhood scale practiseParkingThere was a successful case where a comprehensive guideline was developed. Torre (1989) presented a framework of waterfront project design based on these principles registerClimateSpecial elementsImageAuthenticityFunctionPublic perception of needFinancial feasibilityEnvironmental approvalsConstruction technologyEffective managementGoodwin and Good in 1990 formulated a framework to rebuild the waterfront in a small town. The framework displayed a list of six fundamentals in the planning process. They called them the tool and technique which areWaterfront uses and activitiesLand use control and incentivesLand acquisitionFinancing of riverfront revitalizationChoosing and using consultantsObtaining waterfront development permitsCoolman (Breen and Rigby 1990), stated that these general issues must be addressed during the development of design guidelinesSimplicity and clarityCompatibility with zoningPublication and communicationTable 4.1 summarizes the information of frameworks and design presented above and others world recognized waterfront project.Table 4.1 Interpretation of concern presents in planning and design frameworks. Tick cells indicate the issues addressed by each framework.NoProject, City/ literary productionsHuman useOpen SpaceCharacterEcologyAccessibilityL

Essay --

Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon, which has permeated throughout nearly every aspect of society touching all parts of the globe. Globalization, which is traditionally, defined, as the transnational exchange of products, ideas, philosophy, religion, and aspects of culture is nothing new. The concept of globalization can trace its roots back to the ancient trade routes of the Old World in extra Silk Road, which spanned Asia, Africa, and Europe. Due to our advancements in technology, communication and transportation the extent of globalization has spread exp wizntially leading to a more interdependent globe. Most notably stinting interdependence is a main focal point of globalization, because it adversely shifts power from governments to non-government institutions. These non-government institutions mainly being multinational corporations, foreign financial markets, and large corporations become a more pivotal force in national policies and agenda setting. While this may be promising in allowing nations to grow more prosperous economically, it as well as stands to violate the human rights of the population. This intrusion from these corporations directly sacrifices state sovereignty allowing economic concerns to supersede human rights. Some key issues regarding human rights through the age of globalization revolve around the disparity between the rich and poor, the exploration of labor, and destruction of land of the indigenous population. Moreover, with this age of globalization intergovernmental organizations have come to action to determine and oversee the damages that may come along with this time of globalization. This call for governing bodies such as United Nations (UN) has been influential in attempting to regula... ...ental organizations seek to halt human rights and uphold affectionate justice in this age of globalization. Such examples of these organizations would be the UN. The main objective of the UN is to maintain peace throughout the world, developing social and economic prosperity throughout the globe, upholding human rights, and international law. Since the idea of globalization was conceptualized its been an ideal concerned with spreading trade throughout the world. However one of it unintended effects was the transparency of these nations. This transparency directly correlates to universal human rights. The UN establishes that through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) that individuals are afforded right to life, liberty, and security as universal rights. It declared that people should live free from slavery, torture, discrimination, and arbitrary arrest.

Discover The Adventure of a Lifetime in South Dakota Essay -- Tourism

Named for the Dakota branch of the Sioux Indian Nation, the State of confederation Dakota is a order that tells the story of Americas westward expansion in a way that just cant be demonstrate elsewhere in the country. From gold strikes to battles with the Indians, South Dakota is one bow that fulfills the typical Hollywood image of the Old West. However, visitors to this fascinating state will find that the story of South Dakota is much more interesting than any Hollywood western that they have ever seen. All in all, South Dakota offers visitors the adventure of a lifetime.South Dakotas Natural AttractionsOne of South Dakotas finest lifelike attractions is Badlands National putting green near Rapid City. This national park comprises 244,000 acres of protected land that features wildlife like bison and antelope. In addition to this, there are numerous fossils that are found within the park that provide an interesting look into this lands geological past. With hundreds of miles o f hiking trails and numerous other activities for visitors, Badlands National Park is one natural attraction that nature lovers will definitely enjoy.Another fantastic natural attraction in South Dakota is the Black Hills National Forest near Deadwood. This magnificent quality covers an area of cxxv miles long and 65 miles wide and features some of the most majestic rock formations and canyons found anywhere in the United States. In addition to its rock formations, this forest offers some of the finest biking and hiking trails found anywhere in the United States. All in all, visitors to Black Hills National Forest leave with a deeper appreciation for the gorgeous natural beauty found in this region.South Dakotas Cultural AttractionsBesides having numerous ... ...uth Dakota an adventure to remember for the rest of your life.SourcesTop 10 Vacation Attractions in South Dakota, Choice Hotelshttp//centralus.choicehotels.com/south-dakota-hotels/top10attractionsMost Popular Attractions, South Dakota.comhttp//www.southdakota.com/most-popular-attractions/328South Dakota, Wikipediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_DakotaBadlands National Park, National Park Servicehttp//www.nps.gov/badl/index.htmBlack Hills National Forest, South Dakota.comhttp//www.southdakota.com/black-hills-national-forest/103Black Hills National Forest, US Forest Servicehttp//webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache-ibL4Cz7AvIJfs.usda.gov/blackhills+black+hills+national+forest&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a argue Drug, South Dakota.comhttp//www.southdakota.com/wall-drug/282

Essay --

Case 1As a presiding judge in this case development the given facts at hand, one have to would vote in favor of the City of Cleveland. The facts of the case show that thither was job analysis used to delimitate eligibility of the perspective candidates. The evidence also shows that with these requirements some of the young-bearing(prenominal) candidate did pass both tests and were placed on the eligibility list to be hired. There is no stain that the city had broken the Civil Rights Act or the Inclusion of the Sex Amendment because all qualifications were equal for the candidates to pass (Jasper, 2008). Another factor a judge whitethorn consider is the job itself and why those requirements are in place. If the requirements were lowered for females would they still be able to perform the tasks as their male counterparts. For example could a female be able to carry a person out of a burning building if they were not able to lift the same amount of tilt as their male counterparts?T he testing for certain positions is required because of the physical demand of those candidates. Gender should not be weighed as a requirement for these positions and only the world power to perform the duties as required should be noted. If a male firefighter could not pick up a 300lb man to bring him to safety and a female could then she would have met the proper requirement for fulfilling the job duties over the male candidate. It boils down to very basic skills and in a life or death situation those skills need to be performed without hesitation or assistance unless otherwise required. This should be what any judge should weigh when presiding over a footprint of this nature because it is not about gender but more about job requirements. Is this risk of losing two humans lives worth changing ... ...s think of their work. speech production to the president of this organization I would advise him to sit down with all of his supervisors and share these concerns. It may be even a dvisable to have an independent charge comprised of the companys peers or community leaders to make recommendations and to advise what they see needs to be changed. There would be advice on taking comminuted steps to change the way things are being handled because making too many small changes can have the same damaging effect as large ones. People will accept change as long as it is implemented in a slow orderly manner. Ensure that there is an open door policy between supervisors and employees is going to be critical. Ask for ideas on how to improve the flow of communication and empower the ideas that employees have. A happy doer is a productive one and that is how you motivate them to success.

Surviving Technology Essay -- Technological Internet Computers Essays

Surviving TechnologyComputers, cyberspace, electronics are all apart of applied science. Businesses are being buffeted by an increasingly speedy rate of change. There are new products, new regulations new customers and new technology in almost every industry. Part of that new technology is distance learning. More and more of adults are taken advantage of it. It is very convient for that working adult with spouse and kids or the adult going back to school. notwithstanding some adults are not as savvy with the Internet or computer. Both items are essential in order to become a distance-learning student. indeed I have created a student survival guide that would be useful for a new online student.Conducting Successful subroutine library and Internet SearchesThe Internet provides rise to power to a wealth of information on countless topics contributed by people throughout the universe of discourse. A user has access to a wide variety of run and access protocols. These protocols s uch as http and e-mail allow users to search and retrieve material.The Internet is not a library in which items can be retrieved by a single catalog. No one knows how many files reside on the internet. The number runs into a few billion and is growing at a rapid pace. When As if you were traveling from place to place in the real world you have to in a virtual environment. Look for every entrance to a topic and every potential door that may lay hidden behind that room with no apparent end. Therefore, it may seem daunting, but it is nought more than changing the elbow room you view your particular topic from a different perspective, or angle. It may be as simple as tone for the opposite or slightly off the topic in order to find the major you are looking for. Another good reference for researching the Internet is http//www.aresearchguide.com/ or A Research Guide for Students by I. Lee, he gives a lot of good information and places to start. There are many different slipway to sear ch for information on the internet. Ultimately looking at a topic from many different points of view, can help you find the information you are looking for. The Internet is a very large set of computers. In a matter of moments, you can gather information that is been posted from around the world. As you view this information, everything you see becomes obsolete because the Internet is growing as fast as our humanity can create new ways to... ... be. I am determined to obtain my degree so that I will not have to be on my feet for my entire shift. I want more, for me and for my family. The only way to accomplish these goals is to do the best I can and complete school.Works CitedAckermann, E. (2005). Directories and virtual libraries. Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Webliminal Web site http//www.webliminal.com/search/search-web04.html.Ackermann, E. (2005). Evaluating information found on the world wide web. Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Webliminal Web site http//www.webliminal.com/searc h/search-web12.html.Ackermann, E. (2005). Search strategies for search engines. Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Webliminal Web site http//www.webliminal.com/search/search-web05.html.Getting started with research in the university library. (2005). Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Western International University Library Web site http//www.apollolibrary.com/Library/library.aspx?bc=1.Kennedy, X., Kennedy, D., Muth, M., & Holladay, S. (2005). The bedford guide for college writers. 7th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins.Carter, C., Bishop, J., & Kravits, S. (2002). Keys to college studying. Columbus, OH Prentice Hall.

Club Drugs and Teens Essay -- essays research papers fc

IntroductionIn todays society, teens are a common target of anti-drug campaigns and governing body advertisements. The goal of these campaigns is to make teens and young adults aware of the dangers associated with drug use. While these campaigns are generally effective, teens are still greatly tempted by the dangerous, exciting, and fast-paced world of confederation drugs. Despite the information they are constantly receiving from their teachers, parents, and government media, some teenagers will still adamantly pursue drugs in hopes of finding a good time. few of the club drugs that teens are likely to try are extremely dangerous and can ruin a persons mental or natural health with just a few uses. Because teenagers nervous systems are still developing, it is very easy for them to become addicted to drugs after even one use. The modus vivendi that can be brought about by the use of club drugs can be a vicious cycle of self-destruction, and can have a rapid detrimental effect on a teens chances to excel in life.However, many times facts are skewed by media and government agencies in order to keep teens off drugs. While this sort of propaganda has good intentions, many people find it morally unjust to deliberately misinform people, even for their protest benefit. Some risks are greatly exaggerated, and some of the facts which are commonly accepted are barefaced lies. In this report, I hope to create a kickoff of unbiased, legitimate facts about club drugs and the ways they are used by teens, and the effects that they can have on a teenagers life. I believe it is better to know and understand the risks of drug use, and make an educated decision about using them, than to be told what to think and what to do by some new(prenominal) person.Ketamine Hydrochloride(K, Special K, Ket, Vitamin K, Cat Tranquilizer) Ketamine is one of the lesser-known club drugs around today, and gets far less media coverage than other more common drugs. It has been used as a vete rinary and medical anesthetic since 1965, and was known for producing a fairly safe, if unusual, anesthesia in patients. It was only in 1999 that Ketamine became a controlled substance in the United States, after governmental anti-drug agencies took note of people using it as a recreational drug.&... ...ments can be made for or against this statement, but the fact remains true that many people are concerned about drug use in teens. Combating and diminution sales and use of club drugs is not an easy task, nor one that will be accomplished quickly, if at all. This isnt going to stop people from trying. As long as there are teens who abuse drugs, there will be people fighting to stop them, for better or for worse.Bibliography1. Teens use of water ice growing. The Daily Oakland Press. Posted by an anonymous internet user. April 11, 2005. http//www.theoaklandpress.com/stories/041105/edu_20050411011.shtml2. Dark Crystal Crystal Meth Across Canada. CBC News. Authors name not available. March 23, 2005. http//www.cbc.ca/fifth/darkcrystal/canada.html3. Ecstasy. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica premium Service. http//www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9343568&query=ecstasy&ct=4. Berube, Margery S., et al. LSD, Ecstasy, Methamphetamine, Ketamine. The American inheritance College Dictionary. 2000.5. Multiple Anonymous Posters. GHB, MDMA, Meth, Ketamine, LSD. Erowid.org.*http//www.erowid.org/psychoactives/psychoactives.shtml