Islam Invasion of India in 1200-1700 72103725 Essay

The historical excerpt of India draws its genesis from the Indus Valley civilization which mushroomed in the North-Western part of the sub-continent as early as 3300 towards 1700BCE. Rashid Barrack (1999). This era was popularly known for Bronze and the subsequent Iron Age. Historians concur with the fact that this is the period that triggered the massive uprising of pinnacle kingdoms otherwise known as Mahajanapadas from 700–300 BCE. Rashid Barrack (1999). The scramble and partition and economic influence were a dreaded disease on the global scale before the papacy age; this affected almost all societies in the historical context. India like other societies in history was vulnerable to the Islamic invasion. The scramble for India began one century after the death of Mohammed, during this period Arabs advanced into the deep most parts of India where they settled at the Indus valley. Most of these successive raids were affected by Mahmud who had the main objective of controlling the wealth of India. They took over the Indian home turf Delhi by 12th century. Apart from the Islamic vested interest in India, other tribes from Persia and Central Asia also were seen as potential invaders into this sub-continent. Chirac. R (2000). Immediately the Sassanids succumbed, the consequent entourage of the Caliphate’s that welded enormous power and subsequently saw to its monopolistic dominion, It gave rise to Muslim dynasties of Asian heritage, which consisted of the Turks. Chirac. R (2000) Expansion of trade One of the impeccable reasons Islam expanded to India was strictly for economic reasons. The Muslims came in contact with India through the Arab invasion on a nest of pirates near neo-Bombay. Muslims enhanced their dominance in both accumulating the economic power and enhancing religion through a comprehensive structure that fused the political power, law and religion. This was meant to safeguard their vested interest. This prompted a massive expansion of world trade far beyond in the medieval era. Free trade was vividly enhanced by Sher Shah Suri who bunned all trade tariffs. Large infrastructures were built and by (1540-1544) Grand Trunk Road was built to create a conduit between Calcutta through to Kabul. Chitendra Sonigra (1997). This was prompted by the curiosity to secure trade empires along the Arabian Sea. During this period in time many Arabs settled at the Indian ports, prompting a transcendental increase of minute Muslim communities along the Indian costal line. Communities spontaneously occupied these regions, where they were used as mercenaries by most Hindu kings that hailed from the south. Chitendra Sonigra (1997). A fundamental aspect of the Muslim period in world history was the emergence of Islamic Sharia courts capable of imposing a common commercial and legal system that extended from Morocco in the West to Mongolia in the North East and Indonesia in the South East. Critically the imposition of the common commercial strictures was meant to facilitate the ease of operation in the region as the Islam looted the economy. Chitendra Sonigra (1997). While southern India was already in trade with Arabs/Muslims, northern India found new opportunities. Islamic forces become so tactical and designed common legal framework that subjugates the Hindu kingdoms. The adoption of the Sharia laws was an integral era in the history of Islam that enhanced the imposition of trading tariffs. The Sharia incorporated business conduits that favored both the Muslims and the Kaffirs. Hadley M. (1970). The marshaled out an economic annexing stratagem by clinging on a system that was rounded between the clergy, the administrative and the mercantile classes. This system granted them ease in terms of navigating potential territories in the sub-content. The Islamic legion was clever in that they established a political embodiment that amalgamated both the law and religion in order to safeguard and dominate on the economic spheres. As a consequent, Bengal was taken over and the central India by the Delhi Sultanate, empires like the Turko-Afghan reigned from Delhi: the Mamluk ruled during 1211-1290; the Khalji ruled 12-90-1320: the Tughlaq ruled from 1320-1413 the Sayyid (1414-51) while the Lodhi ruled from 1451-1526. Hadley M. (1970). The Islamic hegemony also eyed the Southern kingdom where futile resistance was marshaled up by Vijayanagar until the tumbling down of the Sultanate Empire in 1565. Rashid Barrack (1999). This resulted into the expansion of international trade, in all spheres of the sub-continent. Chitendra Sonigra (1997). While it is evident that during this era a section of leaders were overzealous about spreading Islam and varied sections inclined to the Akbar dynasty was liberal in founding a more harmonious religion. The economic aspect was championed through the massive empire uprising such as the Mughal dynasty in 1526–1707, that domineered India for 200 years: the Mughal annexed so much wealth that made them so rich. Hadley M. (1970). The Islamic intrusion in India was categorically for economic reasons; this was achieved through the expansion of slave territories and the exploitation gun powder. After the death of Auranzeb’s death, the dominance of Muslim subsided, this was followed by the successive imperialistic and provincial hereditary powers was coupled with intrigue and force. After a short while mansabdari system gave birth to the zamindari system where aristocratic structures of government collected rents. Hadley M. (1970). Technology Expansion The expansive international trade during these wee years enhanced the transportation of industrial technology and urban ethical paradigm shift. Although the Indian sub-continent had a rich intellectual culture that was more advanced, the water-wheel technology for irrigation was imported during the Muslim period of invasion. Architectural designs such as those ones of the ceramic tiles that was dominant in Iraq and Iran was also transported by the mughal rulers. These designs gave Arabs a bargaining ground and they enhanced their economic mission under the pretext of ushering foreign technology. Hadley M. (1970). Cultural influence To enhance prolific dominance on the Indian subcontinent, the Islam had to incorporate the divide and rule philosophy that polarized the sub-continental psyche, which complicated issues majority of settled agrarian societies of India during this time. The Muslim’s however did not adopt the Indian mores and values; they instead retained their identity and fronted legal cum administrative structures that outrun the mainstream systems. The fundamental effect of Islam on the Indian culture influenced the evolution of all spheres of human endeavor; this includes language, dress, cuisine, architectural development and also the social and cultural values. The Muslim reign witnessed a magnificent urbanization of India and the spontaneous mushrooming of many cities and their urban mores. There was bit of language modification that was as a result of Muslim invasion. Since the Islam was a key player in the transatlantic trade the monetary factor was a major consideration in welding dominance in India, they however, extended their trade conduits that spread from Morocco through to Indonesia. This change of emphasis on mercantilism and trade from the more strongly centralized governance systems further clashed with the agricultural based traditional economy and also provided fuel for social and political tensions. Rashid Barrack (1999).